Under Every Bed
Discussing how news coverage affects perceptions of events, I compared headlines describing a Baghdad bombing attack. One described the incident as Shiite on Sunni violence. The other (from Fox News, naturally) merely said that terrorists had killed a number of people. My point was that the American media tend to throw the T-word around indiscriminately, and that this inhibits our issue knowledge.
After class a group of students came up to me, a couple of them Iraq war veterans. They took exception to what I had said. Didn’t I know Iraq was the frontline of the war on terror? Without waiting for an answer they walked off, muttering bitterly among themselves.
I suppose I should have explained myself better, but I don’t know how I could have. Things have calmed down considerably from the collective paranoia immediately following 9/11, but I still can smell a whiff of latter day McCarthyism in the air. One thing that hasn’t changed in our national debate over the war on terror is its proponents’ preference for mutually exclusive, either/or arguments, encapsulated in George W. Bush’s dictum, “You’re either with us or with the terrorists.”
Deep down, I’ve always feared that Saul Bellow moment that would get me fired. I don’t kid myself about where I stand with my students. To them I’m just another service worker, a Starbucks barista minus espresso machine and tip jar. That’s why they’re sometimes upset when I tell them things they don’t want to hear. I’ve made a few genuine gaffes I’ve regretted, but I believe what I teach. It is my responsibility to ensure my students at least know there are alternatives to the conventional wisdom, even if they choose not to accept them.
I’ve alluded before to our propensity to embrace policies wrapped in the flag. We love freedom, which we define as sharing the same beliefs as everyone else and deferring to authority. It’s hardly a surprise, then, that we have no problem with practices such as extraordinary rendition, drone killings, and the denial of habeas corpus and due process rights even when the suspects are U.S. citizens. Because, you see, they’re terrorists, and we will never be safe as long as even one is left. No real American would question the necessity of fighting them or the means. Our leaders always know what’s right and it’s not your place to question them.
Many post-9/11 policies have been more symbolic than substantive. A case in point: Driving to the airport where I live, approaching the passenger terminal there used to be a sign on a light post announcing the current “security advisory” level. I never fully understood what this was supposed to mean. Yes, I’d looked up the definitions of the various security advisory levels on the Department of Homeland Security website and understood what they meant in principle. But really, what did level Yellow, or Red, or Mauve, mean to me or anyone else reading the sign driving by? The truth is that someone in charge was trying to convince us that they were doing something so we would feel more secure.
Are we more secure? Maybe, maybe not. There hasn’t been an attack on American soil since 2001, and you can make a case that this has been due to increased security measures. But is this cause or correlation? Only time will tell. This is one situation where I actually hope I’m wrong, and that the security obsession has made us safer. Because we’ve been down this road a couple of times already.
I came of age during the Cold War. I grew up believing Communism and the Russians and Chinese were bad. This is because that’s what I learned from my family, my teachers, and from what I saw and heard in the media. On the whole, though, it was a mild, watered-down anticommunism I was exposed to. The worst excesses of anti-Red hysteria happened before I was born. The Smith Act, HUAC, loyalty oaths, blacklisting, and summary firings of so-called security risks were among the excesses of the time, and there is no credible evidence that any of these measures made the country safer. Decades before that, the Palmer Raids, mass deportations of immigrants, and the Schenck decision after the First World War set the stage for the Cold War national security state whose legacy we live with today.
I do not dispute that the Soviet Union and “Red” China posed a military threat to the United States in those days. Nor do I dispute that there are in fact individuals, organizations, and countries that seek to do us real harm today. What I question is our malleable definition of “terrorism.” While I accept the general meaning of terrorism as violence meant to create fear in furtherance of political goals, I also know governments are apt to apply the label only to that political violence which works against them.
Let’s consider some past examples. South Africa imprisoned Nelson Mandela as a terrorist. (He remained on the U.S. terrorist watch list until 2006.) Rhodesia’s army used the recruiting slogan, “Terrorism Stops Here!” The Germans summarily executed captured partisans as terrorists during World War II. And the military regimes in Argentina, Chile, and Brazil imprisoned hundreds of their opponents on terrorism charges in the 1970s.
Let’s consider a few more examples, along with the oft-disparaged cliché, “one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.” The Zionist groups Irgun and Haganah waged a campaign of bombing, kidnapping, and murder against the British authorities and Palestinian Arabs prior to the formation of Israel. Were they terrorists or freedom fighters? Anti-Castro exile Luis Posada Carriles and his associates planted a bomb on a Cubana airliner, causing it to crash with no survivors. Was he a terrorist or a freedom fighter? The Nicaraguan Contras killed judges, doctors, and labor leaders in their insurgency against the Sandinistas. Terrorists or…? You get the idea.
I’m not necessarily arguing moral equivalency here. But the distinctions can get pretty blurry. I’ll stipulate once more the definition of terrorism I gave above. It’s a threat we have faced for several decades from a variety of sources. The main difference is that since the Berlin Wall came down the Islamic terrorist has supplanted the communist as national bogeyman and all-purpose enemy. Where we once faced an ideological foe, we now face a poorly differentiated set of religious militants. Confronted with that fact, it’s a short leap to conflate the relatively small number of militants with hundreds of millions of their coreligionists. In fact, popular support for the war on terror is largely rooted in anti-Muslim, anti-Middle Eastern bigotry. Why bother telling Sunnis apart from Shiites, or Arabs from Persians, Turks, Kurds, et al., when you can just hang a single label on them and leave it at that?
As Americans we have internalized fear and suspicion as our default approach to the rest of the world. Coupled with our penchant for reductionist thinking, I wonder if it will be our own undoing. Until we can consider our national security challenges rationally, we will continue to look for monsters under every bed.
© 2013 The Unassuming Scholar
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